The temple architecture of ancient Greece and Rome

Brought down from Mount Pinstripes, it was then transported ten miles on oxen-drawn carts to Athens. 5 The Parthenon was regarded in its prime as the finest example of a Doric temple, due mainly to the refinement of already well establish deed aspects of appeal. 6 Typically, only one order was used in the construction of temples in certain areas; Doric in western and mainland Greece, and Ionic on the coast of Asia Minor and in the Aegean islands. The Parthenon is an exception to this, however, as it contains certain Ionic elements throughout its structure also, making it unique. The home to an Ionic frieze, the Parthenon had two rooms, most likely in accordance with the sun – one west- facing that acted as a treasury, and a second separate room with its door facing east, used to contain the â€Å"cult image, the gold and ivory Athena Parthenon†, the Greek goddess of reason, intelligent activity, arts and literature. 8 Horizontal aspects such as the architrave and the as trolabe are corrected by meaner of entities, so that they do not â€Å"sag† in the middle.Also, the corner columns stand closer and thicker than their neighbors, so that they do not appear frail against the sky. It is clear that the Greeks at the time were highly skilled in both construction and aesthetic design. 3. Henry Sterile, Greece; From Mycenae to the Parthenon, Teaches Press, First Edition, 2001. P. 189 4. Robin Francis Rhodes, Architecture and Meaning on the Athenian Acropolis, Cambridge University Press, First Edition, 1998. P. 1 5. Bernard Assemble, Architect and Sculptor in Classical Greece; The Wrights Lectures: Volume 6, Phaeton Press, First Edition, 1972. . 94 6. Http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/ Temple_of_Hyphenates 7. A. W. Lawrence, Greek Architecture, Yale University Press, Fifth Edition, 1996. . 77 8. Http://www. Geochronology. Com/Olympian/Athena/Athena. HTML 9. Patrick Mutagens, The Story of Architecture, Phaeton Press, Second Edition, 2004. P. 97 Doric archi tecture, further contributing to its aesthetic AAA? ¬@lllustration 5: The Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens. Built from 427 – 424 BCC, the Temple of Athena Nikkei is the first fully Ionic structure to be built atop the Athenian Acropolis.As a result, certain differences exist between itself and the previous Parthenon. Measuring a mere 11 feet in heighten, it has been described as â€Å"barely more than a treasury. 11 Of considerable elegance, the temple's four- columned inappropriately facades acted to frame a small square â€Å"NAS† measuring mm by 5, the entrance to which was preceded by two slender marble pillars. 12 The bastion face looking outwards and the end of the temple tilt towards the north wing, resulting in an altered view of the distance between the wings when viewed from the west.This also forces the corner of the facade in the north-west into line with the south wing facade. This in turn makes the temple sides point towards the Parthenon. 13 Although diff erent techniques were used, it is clear that visual manipulation was Just as prominent in the Temple of Athena Nikkei as it was in the Parthenon. As on red and black pottery, the ancient Greeks favored contrasts, especially those found in nature, and this was readily apparent through their use of marble on the frieze below the temple. 14 The temple itself, similar to the Parthenon and other Doric temples, was built using white phonetic marble.It was, however, built in stages, as war was present during the construction, and from time to time funds were cut short. The sculptural works found on the parapet consist of multiple Nines leading bulls to be sacrificed to Athena ND organizing trophies of victory. It is clear that such ideals were valued by the people of the time, and is the reason why such a great deal of effort was made when constructing temples, and their decorative features. This differs from the Parthenon in that no specific story is told. 15 Little interaction between fi gures exists and few narrative techniques are used.This is specific to the temple, and not ionic buildings as a whole. 10. Http://www. Ancient-Greece. Org/architecture/Athena-Nikkei. HTML 1 1 . Robin Francis Rhodes, Architecture and Meaning on the Athenian Acropolis, Cambridge University Press, First Edition, 1998. P. 113 12. Henry Sterile, Greece; From Mycenae to the Parthenon, Teaches Press, First Edition, 2001. P. 204 13. A. W. Lawrence, Greek Architecture, Yale University Press, Fifth Edition, 1996. P. 118 14. Joseph Rockery, The Dancing Column; On Order in Architecture, The MIT Press, First Edition, 1999. P. 230 15.Robin Francis Rhodes, Architecture and Meaning on the Athenian Acropolis, Cambridge University Press, First Edition, 1998. P. 120 ? ¬@lllustration 6: Athens, Temple of Athena Nikkei. ? ¬? ¬@Although originally based on Greek architecture, Roman temples developed so hat the Romans maintained their own distinct style. Roman temples' orientations were, and still a re, dominated by an axis, and the position of the temple in relation to the forum and the way that it is approached is an important stylistic feature. Roman temples were placed at the end of a clearly defined space.Set high on a podium, it could only be approached from the front. Greek temples differed, however, in that they were set down in an open area and approached from all sides. 16 The Romans favored the Corinthian order when building columns, as the ornamentation was an important factor in Roman architecture. As their style developed, so did the Roman arch, a very prominent aspect of many Roman buildings, including temples. 16. Leland M. Roth, Understanding Architecture; Its Elements, History, and Meaning, Western Press, Second Edition, 2007. P. 50 ? ¬The Manson Carr ©e, found in Ames in southern France, is constructed according to the Corinthian Order 17, as is seen by the presence of the Corinthian pillars, and is among the most well-preserved Roman temples of the Roman Empire. 18 The English translation is â€Å"square-house†, and is so-called because of its rectangular shape. 19 Built by Grippe in 16 BCC, the civic Roman temple was dedicated to his two sons who both died young, in an effort to show the loyalty and allegiance of the Roman colony to the imperial dynasty at the time. 0 The temple was the dominant structure in the forum of the Roman city at the time, serving as a reminder of the values that it represented to the city's inhabitants. Although including elements consistent with an Etruscan style, very prominent Greek elements were present, showing the strong influence of Greek architecture, as opposed to Roman architecture which tended towards rounded arches and domes. 1 Twenty engaged columns can be found embedded along the walls of the calla, and delicate ornamental relief carvings of acanthus leaves and rosettes, found Just beneath a row of considerably fine dentists, adorn the frieze. 2 The reason that the temple is so well- preserved today is owed to the fact that it was rededicated as a Christian church during the fourth century, saving it from the destruction inflicted on other temples after Christianity was adopted as the official state religion of Rome,23 leading us to believe that religion was a particularly prominent aspect of Roman ultra and, by extension, of the lives of the Romans themselves. ? ¬17. Http://www. Britannica. Com/Upchucked/topic/358799/Manson-Career 18. Http:// www. Sacred-destinations. Com/France/mimes-Manson-career 19. Http:// www. Formers. Mom/destinations/mimes/A30228. HTML 20. Http://www. Groundbreaking. Com/buildings/Manson_Career. HTML 21 . Http:// www. Reconstruction's. Org/Manson-career-mimes 22. Http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/Manson_CarrÃÆ'CA#Awehitecture 23. httpHttpshelshelledm/ComaIsMansonrcarryeCAaAweeon in Rome, Italy, is a sthrong exstrongf an ancient Roman temple. It is worth noting that it was built as a temple to all gods, around 118 CE. 24 Semicircular arches, each of which compose two rings of brick spanning about 5 m, are found on the building's exterior between the ends of both horizontal ranges of great conical vaults.The architect most likely thought of niches before piers, based on the Roman habit of expanding centralisecentralizedth both diagonal and cardinal recesses. 25 The largest and, arguably, most impressive element of the Pantheon is its dome. Domes were often used by the ancient Romans as space was maximised maximizedme acted moma symbol for the overarching heavens. 26 The clear span of the dome is 43. 3 m. 27 The Romans were aware of the large weights of the materials they were using and because of this they gradually decreased the thickness of the dome as it increased in height.

Analyse the presentation of Jane in Bronte’s ‘Jane Eyre’ Essay

How is Jane presented in Charlotte Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s ‘Jane Eyre’? Charlotte Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ presents Jane in three different sections of her life that run through from childhood at her aunt’s house to her adult life at Thornfield. The presentation of Jane’s personality and looks is shown both through her own narration as well as the dialogue between the characters. The first section of Jane’s life is at Gateshead, her aunt’s house, and she is presented as a child who is ‘but ten’ and who is plain enough to be described as ‘a little toad’ by one of the house servants. After her parents’ untimely death Jane was forced to live with relatives, which she did not mind until her uncle died too. After that she was treated with contempt by her aunt and cousins Eliza and Georgiana and her cousin John was a bully, he ‘struck suddenly and strongly’. The unkindness Jane experiences causes her to have a burning sense of injustice from that point and it begins with her fighting back against John by calling him a ‘wicked and cruel boy’. Her aunt’s contempt for Jane however, may be because she refuses to ingratiate herself to her aunts wishes, which could be construed as Jane possibly being proud; Mrs Reed says that Jane should ‘acquire a more sociable and childlike disposition. A more attractive and sprightly manner’ but Jane feels she should be accepted for who she is and not to have to play up to her aunt’s wishes, no matter what the consequences. As a result her aunt feels she is a child with a ‘tendency to deceit’ and tends to punish her for it. Jane is shown to be a very literary child; she takes comfort in reading or looking at books and she uses language like ‘ships becalmed on a torpid sea’ which for a ten year old, even at that time, is rather impressive. Though it must be taken into account that by the time Jane tells the story she is probably in her thirties or forties and so the language may not be exactly that which the ten year old Jane would have actually used. The books she reads feed her already vibrant imagination which lead her to believe that things like a light flashing past the window was ‘a herald of some coming vision from another world’, that the blood she could hear rushing through her ears was ‘the rushing of wings’ and she felt that ‘something neared me’. Had her imagination not been quite so vivid she could probably have thought it through and seen that there was a rational explanation for these phenomenon, for Jane seems to have good judgement. She certainly seems to have a talent of being able to analyse people’s character’s well. While Jane is in the red room she is thinking over why she is so poorly treated although she had done nothing wrong and the reader sees her analyse each of her cousins: Eliza is ‘headstrong and selfish’ and Georgiana has ‘a spoiled temper, a very acrid spite, a captious and insolent carriage’. This is an analysis the reader may feel inclined to agree with because that is how the cousins have been portrayed from the start however it is worth remembering that as Jane is the narrator there may be a certain bias against them. The next section in which Jane is presented is during her time at Lowood Institution particularly the first few months of her stay there. Jane is presented as still having a burning sense of injustice as she sees some of things that happen to girls who are ‘punished’ and from the reader’s perspective one can see why. The girls are unfairly punished and usually for things that are not even their fault, as was the plight of Julia Severn, whose ‘hair curls naturally’ was ordered to have her hair ‘cut off’. Jane having been ‘wrongly accused’ when she was called a ‘liar’, had curled up on the floor and her ‘tears watered the boards’. Jane could not take being accused falsely due to all the trouble it caused her at her aunt’s house and so she keeps grudges against that do wrongly accuse her. Though it may have been seen previously in the section at Gateshead, the reader sees it more clearly during her times at Lowood that Jane could be considered stubborn. There are many times when Helen Burns tries to change Jane’s mind about things that have mostly to do with religion. The first time the reader sees this is when Helen tells Jane that ‘if all the world hated you’ but ‘your own conscience approved you’ then she would not be ‘without friends’, but Jane determinedly states ‘I know I should think well of myself; but that is not enough: if others don’t love me, I would rather die than live’. This also shows a dependant need, in Jane, to be liked by all she meets and a very melodramatic side to her that the reader rarely sees. The last important way the Jane is presented in in this section is as a very bright and hard working girl. On her first day she had ‘reached the head of my class’ and she tells the reader that she ‘toiled hard’ and ‘in a few weeks I was promoted to a higher class: in less than two months I was allowed to commence French and drawing’. This shows that Jane enjoys school and is willing to work hard to improve and become the best she can be. The third section in which Jane is presented commences eight years later when she accepts the job of becoming a governess at Thornfield Hall. As the reader has seen before, Charlotte Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ seems to determined to emphasise the fact that Jane is a plain girl as she explain to her employer Mr. Rochester when she tells him that she is his ‘plain, Quakerish governess’. She is also presented as being a very respectful and polite employee of Mr. Rochester as she always calls him ‘sir’, even when they are engaged, and she seems to take some sort of joy in it as she has rarely been able to respect many people as she feels respect must be earned. She also has enough respect for him to tell him the truth to any question he asks her, even if it were not something one would usually ask at the time, and is wonderfully shown when she tells that ‘wherever you are is my home – my only home’. This was a very forward statement but Jane felt that Mr Rochester ought to know it so she told him. During the time in which Rochester has the party of guests at Thornfield and they are playing Charades, Jane is shown as having the concept of self worth. She sees these fine women and how they act but does not become jealous of their wealth or beauty. Instead she felt a sort of pity for them because though Blanche Ingram ‘was very showy’ she ‘was not genuine’, ‘she had a fine person’ ‘but her mind was poor’, ‘she was not good; she was not original’ and there are many more ways in which Jane describes Blanche Ingram. Jane feels that because of all this ‘Miss Ingram was a mark beneath jealousy: she was too inferior to excite the feeling.’ This not only states that she has self worth and does not feel that she should put herself down by thinking of Miss Ingram because of Blanche’s less than lovely qualities, it also shows a sense of pride in Jane. She feels proud to be who she is and would not want to be like Blanche Ingram if it meant not being very intellectual. Jane is presented as a passionate girl through the entire story and we see it again in this section. Just before Rochester proposes to Jane, he talks to her about her leaving to go to Ireland for a new governess situation, but Jane feels like her heart is breaking at the thought of leaving him. In a passionate burst, she declares ‘Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? – You think wrong!’ but she does not stop there. She goes on to tell Rochester in an abstract way that she loves him by saying ‘And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you’. Her passionate nature, most likely, came from her want to be treated as an equal, and though she is no social equal to Mr Rochester she feel that she is his equal in intellect and feels down trodden when she is not treated as such. In the same passionate outburst as shown above she also exclaims ‘it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God’s feet, equal – as we are!’ This shows her need to be treated as an equal by the one she loves. Jane is presented as a girl who grows up being passionate about being treated equally and having a burning sense of injustice when people are wrongly accused or punished without cause. She is described as being a plain girl her whole life who is very smart, literary, hard working and imaginative. This is shown through the narration as well as through the dialogue between character.

The Battle of Waterloo

he The Battle of Waterloo Napoleon was just recently made emperor again in France in 1815. And his enemy’s had already formed an alliance against him. He only had one way to stay emperor and that was to fight his way through it. He had one main goal in his grand strategy to win the war and that was to isolate the allied and Prussian armies, and annihilate each one separately. This was a great strategy in theory because if he could destroy the coalition forces before they were reinforced then he might be able to drive the British back to the sea and knock the Prussian’s out of the war.This ended up leading to the strategy proper of the war because Napoleon knew that the British and Prussian armies were trying to meet up so he marched his army to a spot where he was in between them. Once his army was in the middle he ended up hitting the British on the west side and the Prussians on the east side. When Wellington saw how fast the French were moving he knew he had to act f ast so he concentrated most of his troops at Quatre-Bras so that he could hold a tenuous position against the soldiers of Ney’s left wing.The grand tactics come in when Napoleon wants Ney to take the crossroads of Quatre-Bras so that way he can go reinforce him if needed. This led to the battle against the British there, where the French were being held off pretty well. But while this was happening the French attacked the Prussians at Ligny and were able to defeat them which made holding Quatre-Bras for the British untenable. So the British retreated and marched north parallel to the Prussians retreat.These precursor battles affected the culminating campaign battle because a lot of men were lost and a portion of Napoleons’ army was off searching for the retreating Prussians at the time of Waterloo. There were many battlefield maneuvers that impacted the outcomes of the battles. One was when Wellington had ordered in reinforcements for Quatre-Bras. This was good because they were starting to lose the battle until the reinforcements got there and then they were able to push Ney’s forces back.The next maneuver was when the Prussians had been defeated they were able to retreat unnoticed from the French. The Prussians getting away without the French knowing was big because they were able to make it back to Wavres where there reinforcements were so that they could have a fresh new army to fight them with. This leads to another maneuver, which happened once Napoleon finally realized the Prussians had retreated. Napoleon decided to send a big chunk of his army after the Prussians even though his army would be around 2 days behind them.This was a bad move because then when the French army reached Waterloo he now had to face the British and the Prussians combined without part of his army to use. Another maneuver was when Napoleon tried to do a faint attack at Hogomouh but it doesn’t work and because of that he loses much more troops then need ed; this lead to the eventual loss of the war. And the last battle maneuver was when Wellington had his army hide behind a ridge and therefore Ney believed they were retreating and sent his cavalry after them.Once his cavalry got over the ridge they were annihilated by the British infantry, which eventually led to them losing the battle. Napoleon as a general made some bad choices during these battles. One bad choice he made was not following the Prussians right away when they retreated. Because of this the Prussians were able to get back to their reinforcements and then were able to meet up with the British. Another bad choice Napoleon made was when he decided to wait 4 hours to battle because he wanted the ground to dry to help his cavalry and artillery.Because of this move he allowed the Prussians enough time to get to the battle and now he had to fight two armies instead of one. And the next bad decision Napoleon made was sending his cavalry on an assault on Mont Saint Jean beca use he took a big loss on cavalry from that. One of the key reasons why Napoleon and his French army were defeated was because of the attack at Hogomouh. He lost a lot more troops then he needed to which did not help him in the long run. The next reason why he was defeated is because of the imperial guard attack.In this attack he lost a lot of cavalry that could have helped out later in the war. And the final key reason Napoleons army lost was that he delayed one of the battles. Because he delayed attacking it gave the Prussians enough time to arrive and help out the British. Overall Napoleon made some key decisions that turned out to lead to his defeat. Sources â€Å"Battle of Waterloo. †Ã‚  Wikipedia. Web. 08 Nov. 2011. â€Å"The Battle of Waterloo: 18 June 1815. †Ã‚  Home Page. Trans. Marjorie Bloy. 5 Jan. 2011. Web. 08 Nov. 2011. â€Å"BBC – History – British History in Depth: The Battle of Waterloo. †Ã‚  BBC – Homepage. Web. 08 Nov. 201 1.

LEB1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LEB1 - Essay Example Breyer stated that â€Å"a judges job is to figure out how the Founding Fathers values apply to modern issues.† (CBS News 2011). In the United States our courtrooms operate under the adversary system. The finder of fact (the person or persons who decide which facts are the true facts) can be a judge or a jury. When the fact finder is a jury, the individual members of the jury, known as jurors, collectively decide the true facts. (Find Law 2011). The standard of proof is different in criminal and civil cases. In a civil case the jury assesses the facts according to what they believe is â€Å"more probably true than not.† This has been compared to just going over the 50 yard line in football. In criminal cases jurors must be convinced that the facts are true â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt.† The jurors must be representative of the community in which the trial is being conducted. (Find Law 2011). â€Å"At the beginning of the trial, the judge may order that more jurors be seated than are required for the verdict. These extra jurors are known as alternate jurors, and they are selected to guard against the possibility that some of the jurors will become ill or otherwise be unable to complete the trial. An alternate would attend the trial along with the regular jurors, but would not be called to participate in reaching a verdict unless one of the regular jurors was unable to continue. †¦ it is important for alternate jurors to always pay attention to testimony because they may be required to participate in the verdict should another juror be unable to complete his or her service.† (Find Law 2011). Lawyers are the link between our legal system and the society that legal system affects. The legal system affects society in almost everything the people in our society may do. For this reason lawyers are held to the highest

Composition 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Composition 2 - Essay Example Rather, they are only examples which can be used to see how different authors approach their writing. The Joy of Reading shares about the reasons why the author loves to read. There are a number of benefits of reading that is enumerated which make up the bulk of the article. The International Bridge on the other hand speaks about what the internet provides for the user. It presents a personal inventory of the advantages of the internet. Preventing a Worldwide Disaster is about air pollution. It is a persuasive essay that aims to encourage readers to do something about a worldwide problem which is caused by numerous human activities. Some examples of such actions or operations are enumerated in order to clarify the points the author is trying to make. Lastly, Napoleon’s Fall from Power talks about the reasons why Napoleon Bonaparte failed in his latter conquests and in his ultimate goal of reigning as king over France and her colonies. Although the four aforementioned articles have different subject matters, they have a number of similarities. One very evident semblance is the length of the writings. They are all short, composed of only a few paragraphs. As a result, they were all written as concise as they can be. They are direct to the point and make good use of every word and sentence to express the thoughts as clearly as possible. In order to expound on the ideas presented by the four articles, they all used enumeration. For instance, the first story used words such as â€Å"one reason†, â€Å"another reason† and â€Å"the main reason† while the other three used chronological ordering by using the terms â€Å"first†, â€Å"second† or â€Å"next† and â€Å"the most important†, â€Å"another† or â€Å"finally†. In addition, they also used examples to further explain their topics. All of the four articles also used the pyramid style of writing, discus sing first

Eastern Philosopher Letter Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eastern Philosopher Letter - Personal Statement Example You see, Vishnu, you are different in a similar way as I was. You see beyond the immediate; you even surpassed me in some ways, such as your seeing the futility of the way of the ascetics. Your questions regarding them impressed me; I will not forget when you asked me how one can attain enlightenment when continually starving, dirty and begging. You inquired of the balance in your years with me (Moore-Bruder, 2005, p. 499). It is indeed the balance between desire and self-denial that is the key to the detachment that leads to the finer levels of consciousness. There must be an incredible awareness, an ability to see beyond this world our senses recognize and apprehend. The awareness directs the senses, not the other way around; this is where the teaching cannot be transferred from one person to another through words only. Words in and of themselves do not have any intrinsic meaning, yet the way they are delivered has an impact upon the mind that contemplates the words. Each mind is unique in its ability to transcend itself. By adhering to the Eightfold Path, one's mind unfolds and begins to align with nirvana (Moore-Bruder, p. 502). First one must become aware of desires and cravings of the senses, which are the primary receivers of the mind. It is only when the mind is stilled and the senses are fully awake, hence overcoming their cravings, that one can begin to comprehend nirvana. This is what is most difficult to communicate with people, and this is what makes you weary. As we grow and develop, our thoughts and cravings form a unifying force that is very powerful in the physical realm. It is this force that is the fuel of life for most people and they do not or cannot know any different. Once the path to enlightenment, true enlightenment, begins, there is no way back to the limited mind with its busy activities and desires and plots for gaining more and more material things. Power and glory become dust in the winds of time and one can begin to feel separated from humanity as you expressed in your letter. Know that this, too, is an illusion.

Slavery Like A Social Vice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Slavery Like A Social Vice - Essay Example The victimization that included inhumane treatments and subjection to intense maltreatments were the abject manifestation of disregard to the fundamental rights of the people. The groups did not enjoy any liberty as the slave owners treated them as part of their property. They endured punitive jobs in callous conditions in order to sustain the profitability the white capitalists demanded from their investments. Slavery further led to the seclusion of the African Americans and the subsequent discrimination of the group. The cruel treatment of the African Americans influenced their mindset of the whites and cruelty the minority group expressed against the whites in retaliation. The post-slavery American society relied on the integration of all the races that make up the American society. The new American society required the participation and contribution of all the tribes since the government could not develop a mechanism of transferring the slaves back to their native lands. This imp lied that they would become Americans a feature that required their seamless incorporation into the society. This would however not happen easily owing to the negative attitude that the African Americans among other smaller populations that served as slaves developed against the whites. The African Americans did not feel the sense of belongingness for a long time even after the successful abolition of slavery owing to the negativity they accumulated over the slavery period and the cruelty they endured in the hands of the whites.

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 3

Business management - Essay Example This occurs until the time when their disruptive innovation manages to invade the previous value network. At that period, the conventional firm in that network can at best only defend the market share attack by employing a me-too entrance with the reward being survival and not thriving. The theory of disruptive innovation was initially invented by Harvard professor Clayton M. Christensen during his research on the disk-drive business. It was later made popular by his book The Innovator’s Dilemma, which was published in 1997. This theory gives explanation on the event by which an innovation changes an existing and established sector or market by initiating convenience, accessibility, simplicity and affordability in areas where complication as well as high cost are evident (Christensen and Anthony 2004, 46). Initially, a disruptive innovation is created in a niche market which may seem unattractive or insignificant to business incumbents. Eventually, the new product or thought totally redefines the business. Initially, disruptive innovations occurred as technologically straightforward. They comprised of off the shelf elements assembled together in a product design that was mainly simpler compared to the previous approach (Christensen 2006, 40). They provided l ess of whatever the consumers and consumers in the already established markets needed. This meant that they could not be effectively employed in those markets. They gave out a different package of qualities that were only valued in the emerging markets far from, and significant to the established market. Christensen asserts that a disruptive innovation has the ability to hurt well managed and successful companies (Hwang and Christensen 2008, 1330). He argues that this can occur regardless of the company being responsive to its customers, or having exceptional research and development. These companies have a tendency to ignore those markets that are more susceptible to disruptive innovations. This is

Analysis of When I Was a Boy in China Research Paper

Analysis of When I Was a Boy in China - Research Paper Example Education equips people with understanding of the various phenomena affecting people. It is the foundation of all discoveries. Education enables people to think and reason from their vicinity, removing ignorance from the people. It thus enables people to think about the future more, especially specialists in various areas. Just like Sinha points out, education is essential for long term planning and prediction. It may take long for education to transform the economy, although its effects are long term. Lee and his friends were sent to America for fifteen years to receive education, and would latter return, fully equipped with knowledge and skills to transform the Chinese country and the general economy. Through this, evidence of the contributions of education to the transformation the world economy is seen. Long term plans are possible with education. The differences between the Chinese people and the Americans during Lee’s time were significant, especially in terms of civilization. By then, a very few Chinese people could read or write, with the educated ones having designated jobs. His uncle for example, lived a good life and had a good job working in an American firm due to his education. He was part of the few citizens who contributed to the economic development of the country. In Lee’s view, the civilized people dressed weird, spoke in funny languages, and behaved in a funny manner. This showed the level of un-civilization among the Chinese, a reason why they could not communicate directly with the Europeans. However, with the acquisition of formal education, they were in a position to communicate efficiently with the Americans, giving them an opportunity to easily and efficiently interact with them. The interaction would then enable them discuss economically and politically oriented ideas. This is a key contribution of the formal education to the country and the world general Lee (1877). Regardless the willingness of the

Text exercises week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Text exercises week 4 - Essay Example The balance sheet of Technical Inc. for the year ended 31st December 2006 indicates the overall position of the company at that specific time. The statement provides a summary of the assets and liabilities and the long term debts. The shareholder’s equity and retained earnings are also included in the statement. The balance sheet provides a clear view on what the company owns and what it owes, in other words, the value of the company is depicted in the balance sheet. It also includes the details of the investments made by the investors and shareholders. The sum of all the liabilities and the shareholders’ equity always needs to be equal to assets. This statement provides the retained earnings for a specific period of time. The statement of Technical Inc shows that the company has total retained earnings of almost $73,100 as of 31st December 2006. The statement outlines the changes in the retained earnings for specific periods. These are generally prepared in accordance to the General Accepted Accounting Principles. The statement of retained earnings can be reconciled with the beginning and ending of the retained earnings for a specific period of time here 1st January 2006 until 31st December 2006. The retained earnings for a period can be obtained as the net of the previous retained earnings along with that of the current year. If the interest rate increases, the amount required after 20 years (from part a) will be lesser as the present value of the $ 20,000 required for 30 years will be lower. The reason is that the discount rate will be higher, which will reduce the amount required. An increase in the interest rate will also lower the amount required now (from part b), as higher interest will earn higher returns and hence the future value of the investment will be higher. This will lead to a lesser investment to obtain the required amount. An increase in the earnings rate will reduce the single deposit amount required computed in part a. The

The Foremost Negotiator in Africa Essay Example for Free

The Foremost Negotiator in Africa Essay Lade Adeyemi is a man known to some and referred to be many, as Africas foremost Negotiation trainer, coach and author. The commonwealth trained lawyer and Negotiation specialist is the founder of Africas first Business Negotiation School, the Transatlantic Negotiation School of Business which was incorporated in California USA and has training centres in West, East and Southern Africa. The Negopreneur ( has he called fondly by some of his products), started his career as a legal officer and solicitor ,with work experiences from organisations in Singapore, United States, Australia, Nigeria and Mauritius, His skill acquisition and expertise in the area of Business Negotiation has been severally harnessed not only in his innate abilites, but also his intercultural prowess in the usage of Negotiation techniques for and on behalf of the various National and International Organisations as well as professionals he has be privileged to serve over the years. The Harvard University trained Negotiation professional has tutored and taught over 100,000 professionals from 6 continents , comprising of Magistrates ,Lawyers, Entrepreneurs, Governments, NGOs, CEOs, Insurers, HR executives, Managers, Political leaders,Engineers, Fellows of the Sloan School of Management at the MIT in Cambridge USA, African delegates of the Harvard Universitys Programs on Negotiation, as well as other students from the following Universities; Idaho State University USA, Brigham Young University Rexburg USA, Fresno Community College California, Legion University Accra, Ghana, University of Lagos Lagos, Nigeria, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa, Members of the Rotract Club, Africa. The Certified Negotiation Expert (CNE), is also a member of various organizations such as the African Round Table, Academy of International Business, International Bar Association, Investment Management Consultants Association, International Association of Business Communications, Commonwealth Association of Lawyers, Rotary International etc. The California Advocate Newspaper front page personality has also been involved in capacity building of youths and entrepreneurs and has a great passion for youth development and growth. Lade Adeyemi has also amongst a few written various articles some of which include, Looking Next Door: Indentifying Undermining Characteristics of Legal and Business Negotiation Ethics from an Afro-Asian Stand Point:Article written and published in an Entrepreneurial Magazine in Perth, Australia. Amongst some of the books he has authored are, Think Wealth, Think Africa, 123Business Negotiation Techniques for Managers as the best selling Negotiating as a Pro. Others to be published in 2013 include; Intercultural Negotiations: an international Business guide for Win-Win outcomes, Negotiating the Non-Negotiables: Dealing with the Principalities in Negotiations,100 Key Negotiation and Persuasion Techniques for Effective Communication: co- authored with Prof Andra Hansen, Negotiation and Church Leadership: co- authored with Dr J. Blackwood and the long awaited Legal Professionals Negotiations: 100 Negotiation techniques for lawyers and judicial officers. On the employment side (from the recent), he is currently the convener of Africas first Business Negotiation School, Founder / President, Transatlantic Negotiation School of Business USA, Founder Africas first Wax and digital museum; Our Heritage House of Wax and digital Imagery Company, Group Chairman, Nubian Group, Africa, currently serves as the Subject Matter Expert on Negotiation, Lagos State Government, was the Special / Legal Assistant to the E.C Lagos State Public Works Corporation, served as Legal Adviser / Company Secretary, Taxi-AD Germany, Managing / Life Partner Funmi Adeyemi Co, was the first African to be employed as the International Business Executive Asian Centre for Professional Excellence- Singapore. Before setting off tonSingapore, he practiced as a Lawyer in Chamber with IDOWU Queens Chambers, Gadzama Attoneys at Law Abuja as well as Lateef Adegbite Co. A man of numerous indigenous and international awards amongst which are, the Paul Harris Fellowship award Rotary International, Honorary Member, Worldwide Whos Who, USA , Role Model Award recipient , Young Entrepreneurs’ Network of Africa, Role Model award recipient , faculty of Arts and Communication, University of Lagos, Award of Recognition in Negotiation and Leadership, Faculty of Communications, Fresno Community College Carlifornia  USA as well as the first African to be presented with the prestigious African Leadership Award in Negotiation by the African Leadership Magazine, Cairo, to mention but a few.

High School Essay Example for Free

High School Essay I. Problem/Needs a. San Nicolas Elementary School (s. y. 2013-2014) has 765 enrollees, 43 teachers, non-teaching, staffs, personnel, including its maintenance. Previous school years, survey through interview shows that the school has no canteen. What they did was a classroom canteen wherein teachers allow outside vendors to sell foods, snacks in each classroom during break time. This practice made wrong impact and its advantages to the entire school campus. Instead of 30 minutes break time, survey shows they have 45 minutes and lessons are affected. b. Outside vendors are not known by the pupils and teachers. They just offer their cooked foods to students without knowing or not sure with the safetiness of what they are going to take in. They don’t know how and who made the foods. Other parents also go inside the school to give snacks to eat to their children during recess time which make break time longer. School staffs observed this situation and they made a decision to really have canteen as soon as possible. c. During the first meeting of the school year 2013-2014, the PTA meeting tackled the topic about school canteen, they should have it. As a situation to the need of the school, the principal set another meeting to meet interested parents who wants to manage the canteen. As a result, school pupils, teachers and other personnel now have their break time properly. Manager of the canteen improved the school canteen, and prepared it for the new canteen. Now, San Nicolas Elementary School is nearly for safer, healthier and more convenient canteen for everyone. II. Statement of Vision, Mission and Values Vision: The school will provide a good source of foods for the pupils, teachers and parents of the school. Healthy foods, price of foods will surely be right for everyone. Mission: The school will have a canteen on its own, managed by the school itself or any representatives from the PTA member. Foods will surely be healthy and nutritious. Kind of foods to sold will be strictly monitored to sure the safetiness of all the entire school. Values: Having a school canteen will promote orderly and organized school especially on break time. Everyone in school should support its canteen that could help in the progress and improvement of the entire school. III. Marketing plan a. Research and Analysis: It is more than two years when San Nicolas Elementary School has no canteen. Former managements of school canteen believed that their services and foods offer are not satisfying. It was observed by our interviews that students and teachers would more like to go out or buy outside their snacks during break time. In addition to that, price of the previous canteen are not affordable by the students. PTA meeting was conducted and during the said meeting, the principal announced that all parents who are interested to manage the school canteen this school year 2013-2014 is free to pass bid form containing rental which is the highest offer as a rental of the school will have the opportunity to handle the canteen. The form also contains the expected menus, foods offered and its prices. The monthly rental of the school canteen will be an income of the school which will be used for school improvements at the end of the school year. This move of the school as a solution of the problem believes that it will turn to an advantage of the entire school. Students and teachers will be comfortable to spend their break time inside the canteen, safetiness and healthy foods will be as sure. Accidents will be impossible because students will no longer go out to nearby stores to buy foods and also monthly income of the school will be at stake. b. Marketing Strategies: Students will be the first customer of the canteen, so offers will be for students at most. Foods will be based on the taste of the consumers so as by the teachers also. Foods will be simple snacks so that prices will also be affordable and reasonable especially for ordinary students. Prices will be strictly monitored. Special promos or simple promo will also be given. Simple promo like free juice or offering discounted prices on sets of snack items. Like: 1 special miki regular price is Php 15. 00 with boiled egg on toppings plus 1 refresh juice is at Php 6. 00= student will pay only Php 20. 00| Foods or snacks will be changeable, based on what is saleable to consumers. IV. Production Plan Quantity| Unit| Supplies| 533050102550301010| KilosKilosPcs. SticksBoxesPcs. Pcs. SticksBagsBags| PancitMikiBoiled eggBarbecueAsstd. Fruit drinksSandwichesShanghaiBanana cueAsstd. BiscuitsAsstd. cupcakes|.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Interlock Parity Information Technology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Interlock Parity Information Technology Essay Detecting and correcting errors is the major problem for handling on chip errors. For this purpose error detection and correction techniques are used which are suitable for NoC. Error control codes are used to detect single or multi bit errors. Errors correcting schemes put an overhead of extra hardware on the system. Most of the coding techniques are used to correct single bit error. Due to the increase in size and complexity of very large scale integrated (VLSI) chips the problem of multi bit errors have been increased, so to over come the problem of multi bit errors, researchers have explored various multi bit error detection and correction techniques. Multi bit errors can completely corrupt the packets which need to be discarded and retransmitted. As on chip errors are more dangerous than off chip networks more over on chip resources like storage and processing are limited, therefore techniques that take care such limitations are more appropriate for NoC. Here we are going to introduce a new error detection technique. This technique has the limitation of only detection of errors. We compare this technique with few other error detection and correction techniques and deduce the results about our purposed error detection techniques. We purpose the name of new error detection technique as Interlock Parity. In the next section the complete introduction and proposed format of the Interlock Parity is given. Next we look some advantages and disadvantages of Interlock Parity technique. 5.2 Interlock Parity This is a new purposed technique to detect the bit errors on the network on chip communication. This technique is designed to work with 32 bits of data word. After 8 bits of data next bit is fixed for parity bit. Similarly after that 8 bits the next bit is again fix for parity bit and in this way 32 bits of data include 4 parity bits. We name these parity bits as P1, P2, P3 and P4. The option for choice of even parity or odd parity is open i.e any method is used to fix the parity bit, but all 4 parity bits must follow the same parity scheme either even or odd parity checking. Similarly we name the first 8 data bits as d1, second data bits as d2, third data bits as d3 and last portion of data bits as d4. So after the induction of parity bits our date packet size will increase from 32 bits to 36 bits. Keep in mind there are few additional bits are reserved for the purpose of control information discuss in detail later in this chapter. Following figure 5.1 shows the packet layout of the Interlock Parity scheme. Header d1, Data bits (8 bits) P1 d2, Data bits (8 bits) P2 d3, Data bits (8 bits) P3 d4, Data bits (8 bits) P4 Figure 5.1 Interlock Parity packet format If number of 1s in d1 is even then P1 = 0 other wise 1. Next if number of 1s in d2 is even then the value of P2 is set to zero and bit value of P3 and P4 will be set according to the number of 1s in d3 and d4. More generally we can write as even then Pi = 0. where 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 4 If No. of 1s in di = odd then Pi = 1. where 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 4 Data block is transferred form source to the destination according to the control information header. At the destination first of all value of Pt is checked and if the Pt value is correct then the packet is accepted for further processing, in case of detection of some error in Pt bit value, process of evaluation of Pi values started. Each Pi value is checked according to the data present in di block. If there found any mismatch among di and corresponding Pi then di is discarded and retransmission request of that particular di is generated to resend the data. This reduces the probability of frequent bit flips in the data blocks. 5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Interlock Parity 5.3.1 Advantages of Interlock Parity Scheme Easy to calculate parities due to limited computation resources in NoC. In case of bit flip error detection only a limited portion of data needed to be retransmitted with in the packet. Easy to locate erroneous portion of data. Due to the probability of occurrence of multiple bit flip errors this technique of Interlock Parity restricts the multiple error occurrences in a byte size data. 5.3.2 Disadvantages of Interlock Parity Scheme Have to calculate 4 parity bits. Limited to detect errors if only single bit or odd number of bits flipped. Unable to detect errors if even number of bit flips occurred. This technique is not suitable for multiple errors. Errors correction is not possible at the receiver side. 5.4 Packet Format In this section we describe and closely look the format of the Interlock Parity scheme. Packet is divided into two portions. First portion is known as header and contains all the necessary information which uses to transfer packet from sender to the receiver. The second portion of the packet is known as data portion. In this section of the packet data is divided into 4 different parts along with the parity of each part. 5.4.1 Header Portion Header portion contains the following information. Source Address Destination Address Packet Number Data Portion Number Control Information Source Address field contains the information about the source and 5 bits are reserved for the source address. Destination address is the address of the destination and 5 bit are reserved for the destination address. Packet number denotes the number of the packet which is 10 bit long address. Data portion number denotes one of the four data portions in the date portion part. It can assume at the maximum 2 bits as we have maximum 4 data portions in our packet. 6 bits are reserved for control information can be used for future purpose or depend upon the routing algorithm requirements. Following figure depicts the structure of the header portion of the Interlock Parity packet format. Header Source Address Destination Address Packet Number Data Portion Number Control Information 5 bits 5 bits 10 bits 2 bits 6 bits Figure 5.2 Interlock Parity packet header format 5.4.2 Data Portion Data portion of the Interlock Parity packet format is divided into 4 parts. Each part is 9 bits long divided into 8 bits for the data and 1 bit for the parity bit corresponding to the data bits associated with the parity. In this way total size of the data portion along with parities is 36 bits. Following figure shows the structure of the data portion of the Interlock Parity packet format Data Portion d1 P1 d2 P2 d3 P3 d4 P4 8 bits 1 bit 8 bits 1 bit 8 bits 1 bit 8 bits 1 bit Figure 5.3 Interlock Parity packet data portion format. 5.5 Communication Strategy As during the communication of data packets, errors may corrupt the data so there is a need for reliable communication. Fundamentally few capabilities are required to handle the bit errors. Few of these fundamental capabilities to handle presence of bit errors are as mention below Error detection: A mechanism is needed to allow the receiver side to detect the occurrence of bit errors. There should be a mechanism which allows the receiver to detect and possibly correct bit errors. Receiver Feedback: since sender and receiver are typically executing at different nodes. The only way for the sender to know whether packet is delivered correctly to the receiver is by providing explicit feedback to the sender. For this purpose positive or negative acknowledgements are used by the receiver to sender. Retransmission: a packet received in error at the receiver will be retransmitted by the sender. Data packet is generated at the sender and sends to the receiver. At the receiver side checking of errors will take place, if packet received without any errors then it is accepted for further processing other wise packet is discarded. In case of any erroneous bits ARQ strategy will be used to correct the errors. As from the previous section our data portion of packet is divided into 4 data parts so only portion with errors in that data bits is requested to transmit again. We only use not acknowledgement (NAK) packet to communicate to sender for the retransmission of the particular erroneous portion of the data. Following figure shows the structure of the NAK packet format NAK Packet Source Address Packet Number Data Portion Number 5 bits 10 bits 2 bits Figure 5.4 NAK packet format. During the communication it does not allow reassembly or fragmentation at intermediate nodes. These operations can be performed at source and destination. As fragmentation and reassembly is a time consuming process, by removing this functionality from the intermediate nodes and placing it in the source and destination will definitely speeds up the communication. We implement interlock parity for end to end communication. Complete discussion and all the experimental results are presented in the next chapter. Chapter 6 Implementation and Experimental Results As discussed in previous chapters that network on chip provides a practicable way out to counter the incompetence of buses in the present very large scale integrated on chip interconnects. As we know in packet based communication a flipping error of bit(s) can corrupt the data packet which raise a question mark on the correctness and trustworthy of data transfer from source to destination. In the presence of stated problems it is essential to provide some vigorous protective solutions against such problems. As a solution to the above problems, network on chips have been proposed by different researchers to get rid of the ineffectiveness of on chip buses in scaling chips. Later it was discovered that network on chip also faces the same problems of transient faults as faced by VLSI chips. So chips designed with error detection and correction codes require high energy and area overheads as discussed in [65]. On network on chip we have limited resources of computation and storage; it is significant to present solutions which are low cost in term of memory and energy without compromising on reliability and performance. Here we are going to introduce a new error detection technique. This technique has the limitation of only detection of errors, while error correction takes place by retransmission of corrupt data packet. We compare our new purposed technique with few other error detection and correction techniques and deduce the results about our purposed error detection techniques. We purpose the name of new error detection technique as Interlock Parity. Complete introduction of Partial Party technique is given in chapter 5. In the next section the complete introduction about network on chip communication model, interest to use C/C++ and setup about implementation of Interlock Parity is given. We work on the different error detection methods given below, Simple Parity Cyclic Redundancy Check Checksum Mathod Repeated Bit Method along with our newly developed concept Interlock Parity method. We implement and present the implementation and comparative analysis results of Interlock Parity with above mentioned techniques. Major concern of this research is to make a comparative analysis between mentioned techniques in the following areas Encoding Techniques impact over the network throughput. Encoding Techniques impact for power consumption. Delay time comparison for packet delivery from sender to receiver i.e. latency comparison. Instead of using simulator we design our own network simulator designed in C/C++ program for the implementation purpose and get results for analysis. The purpose of personally designed simulator is to gain in depth working knowledge of different encoding techniques. 6.1 NoC Communication Model We use network on chip as 2 dimensional mesh topology with packet level communication. We use a data bus of size 128 bits which is wide enough to simultaneously transfer all bits of data present in the packet in any direction. As we discussed in chapter 5 packet consists of a header and data portion. The header contains identification information about source and destination, packet unique identifier, data portion identifier which varies from 1 to 4. Data portion of the data contains actual data along individual parity bits. Along with data packets we also use NAK packet. Sender will inform only in case of packet received with bit errors. NAK packet is also use to intimate the sender in case of packet loss. For the reasons of simplicity and well suitability for mesh based network on chips we adopt different routing strategies for the result analysis. NAK packet is assumed to have higher priority than data packet. Figure 6.1 2D Mesh [6] Data packet is generated at the sender and sends to the receiver. At the receiver side checking of errors will take place, if packet received without any errors then it is accepted for further processing other wise packet is discarded. We only use not acknowledgement (NAK) packet to communicate to sender for the retransmission of the particular erroneous packet/portion of the data. During the communication it does not allow reassembly or fragmentation at intermediate nodes. These operations can be performed at source and destination. As fragmentation and reassembly is a time consuming process, by removing this functionality from the intermediate nodes and placing it in the source and destination will definitely speeds up the communication. 6.2 Let Us C/C++ Instead of using simulator we design our own network simulator designed in C/C++ program for the implementation purpose and get results for analysis. The purpose of personally designed simulator is to gain in depth working knowledge of different encoding techniques. 6.2.1 Using C/C++ The C/C++ language is based on sequential programming, also suitable for the programming and modeling of concurrent activities. As we know most digital systems and hardware models require a notion of delays, clocks or time, such features are also present in C/C++ as a software programming language. So complex and detailed systems can be easily and comfortably designed in C/C++ language. Finally the data types present in C/C++ are helpful for implementation. To address all these problems new dedicated data types and communication mechanisms are available with C/C++. Basic language elements such as modules, processes, event, channels, and event driven simulator kernel are also present in C/C++. 6.2.2 Advantages of using C/C++ As C/C++ is firm programming language accepted all over the world, C/C++ holds all the features of a complete programming language which makes easier to write complex programs with minimum efforts. C/C++ supports all the data types supported by any language. C/C++ provides the facility of user friendly, which saves lot of money and precious time. C/C++ adds the idea of timing signals which is important to simulate synchronous hardware designs. This facility gives C/C++ an edge over other programming languages. C/C++ supports the design at higher abstraction level; this enables large systems to be modeled easily without worrying the implementation of it. C/C++ also support concurrency and can be used to simulate the concurrent behavior of the digital system. 6.3 Experimental Setup Instead of using simulator we implement Interlock Parity technique along with four other encoding techniques. For the implementation of Interlock Parity scheme, we use 2D mesh network topology. We use (4 X 4) mesh network at the initial stage of the experiment. To transfer all bits of the data simultaneously, we use 128 bits wide data bus in each direction. Figure 6.2 2D (4 x 4) Mesh [6] As we discuss the packet format in the previous chapter in detail. Our packet consists of 2 parts. One is header part and the other is data part also known as payload part. The header portion contains useful information like packet ID, source address, destination address, routing information, total nodes in the network and some control information etc. the payload or data portion holds the original data. Further in our implementation of Interlock Parity scheme, we categorize packets into two classes. Data packets Control packets As data packets hold useful data, while control packets contains information about the reliable delivery of the data packet send from some source to the destination. For the simplicity we only use negative acknowledgment (NAK) control packet. How this mechanisms work is illustrated below If data packet received with out any error at the destination, then accepted and no acknowledgement is send back to the sender. If data packet received with any error at the destination, then packet is discarded and NAK is send to the sender requesting the source node to send the packet again. This research also take care the lost packet impact on encoding technique. 6.3.1 Lost packet If some packet is lost on the way from source to destination, say packet n is lost, NAK is send to sender informing about not receiving the packet n. this packet is resend to destination after receiving NAK about packet n. 6.3.2 Lost NAK packet If some NAK packet lost, then after some time interval same NAK is send again until desired packet received. Following algorithm illustrate the communication between sender and receiver Packet Generate Send to Destination Error Yes NAK Accepted Queued No Figure 6.3 Flow diagram For better result purpose we implement our encoding techniques on the following routing strategies. X-Y routing Path Exploring(P.E) routing Gossip routing 6.4 Experimental Results 6.4.1 Clock Cycles Analysis On over own designed network simulator we first simulate a single packet and compute the computer clock cycles for the following phases of the packet. For the construction of header portion of the packet For the construction of the data portion of the packet Clock cycles required to put encoding check at the packet Clock cycles required to check data integrity at receiver side Clock cycles required for retransmission of packet for unreliable delivered packet In case of packet loss , clock cycles required to enforce the mechanisms to find out lost packet To achieve the above mention objective we send a packet on our designed network simulator. Our network simulator is equipped with reliable, unreliable and packet loss mechanisms. We randomly choose a sender and sender send a packet for randomly chosen destination node. Initially we ignore time for the network traversal and up till now our objective of this module is to gather the clock cycles for the formulation of packet, clock cycles required for enforcing encoding technique , rechecking the integrity of data and clock cycles required to handle the packet loss scenario. To get more accurate result we perform this simulation module for 10 times and average results are presented in the following table 6.1 Sr.No Algorithms Header Portion Data Portion Encoding Technique Reliable Delivery Unreliable Delivery Packet Loss 1 Simple Parity Checking 2 4 1 3 7 6 2 Cyclic Redundancy Check 4 8 10 10 20 13 3 Repeated Bit Method 2 12 2 4 10 8 4 Checksum Method 2 10 5 7 16 10 5 Interlock Parity Checking 3 6 4 6 14 9 Table 6.1 Clock cycle breakdown Clock CyclesFigure 6.4 Clock cycles breakdown The above analysis shows the comparison of clock cycles consumed by different encoding technique for different phases of packet construction and for checking and enforcing the encoding techniques. It is very clear from the above analysis that Cyclic Redundancy Check encoding technique takes longer time to impose the header and data portion part. Similarly CRC technique also takes longer clock cycles for the enforcement of encoding technique mechanisms. Similarly it is clear from the above analysis that checksum method encoding technique takes longer time to impose the header and data portion part. Similarly checksum technique also takes longer clock cycles for the enforcement of encoding technique mechanisms. Our new purposed Interlock parity check technique consume relatively less clock cycles for header and data portion. Thats means packet construction is relatively fast in out new purposed technique. In case of reliable delivery Interlock parity scheme again consume less clock cycles and has an advantage over the CRC and checksum method. While in unreliable delivery checking case Interlock parity scheme again consume less clock cycles and has an advantage over the CRC and checksum method. Lastly in packet loss handling scenario Interlock parity scheme consume 14 clock cycles which is less than from the clock cycles consumed by checksum method and CRC. The other two techniques simple parity and repeated bit method are consuming less clock cycles, but remember these clock cycles are required for the construction and enforcement of encoding techniques only. Network traversal i s not included up till this point of research. Next we present the percentage utilization of clock cycles for the sender node and for receiver node. Following table shows the result comparison for sender and receiver. Receiver Sender Sr.No Algorithms Header Portion Data Portion Encoding Technique Reliable Delivery Unreliable Delivery Packet Loss 1 Simple Parity Checking 28.57 57.14 14.29 18.75 43.75 37.50 2 Cyclic Redundancy Check 18.18 36.36 45.45 23.26 46.51 30.23 3 Repeated Bit Method 12.50 75.00 12.50 18.18 45.45 36.36 4 Checksum Method 11.76 58.82 29.41 21.21 48.48 30.30 5 Interlock Parity Checking 23.08 46.15 30.77 20.69 48.28 31.03 Table 6.2 Clock cycles breakdown for the sender and receiver side. Table 6.2 shows the clock cycles breakdown for the sender and receiver side. These results are also shown graphically in Figure 6.5. This graphical analysis consists of three compariosions Header portion comparision Data portion comparision Implementation of encoding technique During the construction of header portion our proposed technique required little larger time as compared to the other techniques. Reason is that header of our proposed technique require little extra bits to take care about different data segment with in a packet as disscussed in previous chapter. But uptill this point we can tolerate this large time for the construction of header as variance of timings for all techniques range between 10 to 30 clock cycles. As header portion contains small portion of packet so we can accept this drawback of interlock parity scheme. When we look at the data portion timing overhead comparisions, it is very clear that our proposed technique required less amout of time for the construction of data portion in the packet. As data portion consists of more bits of data then it is an advantage of our proposed tehnique for utilizing less clock cycles for the construction of data portion. Finally for the implementation and enforcement of encoding technique our proposed interlock parity checking technique requires comparatively balanced clock cycles. For this comparision we can say that our technique utilize less clcok cycles at the sender side for the administrative steps. Clock Cycles (%)Figure 6.5 Clock cycles breakdown for sender side Similarly at the receiver side we check three different scenarios. Clock cycles required to check whether packet received in reliable delivery Clock cycles required to check the unreliable delivery of the packet Clock cycles required to invoke the verification module about the loss of a packet. These statistics are depicting in the Figure 6.6 below. In this comparison it is clear that all encoding techniques required almost same amount of clock cycles for the implementation of above mention sceneries. Our proposed technique has an advantage of other compared techniques in the case of packet loss. In case of packet loss interlock parity scheme required comparatively less clock cycles to invoke the packet loss module. In case of unreliable packet delivery all mentioned techniques required same number of clock cycles. There is little variation among the encoding techniques which is neglectable. Clock Cycles (%) Figure 6.6 Clock cycles breakdown for receiver side Sr.No Algorithms Reliable Delivery Unreliable Delivery Packet Loss 1 Simple Parity Checking 0.2747 0.3846 0.3571 2 Cyclic Redundancy Check 0.8791 1.1538 0.9615 3 Repeated Bit Method 0.5495 0.7143 0.6593 4 Checksum Method 0.6593 0.9066 0.7418 5 Interlock Parity Checking 0.5220 0.7418 0.6044 Table 6.3 Encoding mechanism checking time measured in seconds Next we present the time required for different encoding techniques at sender side. As we see from the output results given in Figure.6.7 in case of reliable delivery our proposed interlock parity checking technique needs less time as compared to other encoding techniques. In case of unreliable delivery all the encoding techniques require large amount of time as compared to reliable delivery case. In this comparison interlock parity scheme has advantage over CRC and Checksum method. While repeated bit takes approximately same time as taken by interlock parity scheme. Simple parity checking technique is the only technique consume less time as compared to others. Reason is being its simple nature. In packet loss case our proposed technique less time as compared to the other techniques. So after this comparison we can say that interlock parity checking consumed less amount of time. Time Figure 6.7 Encoding Mechanism checking time measured in seconds If we look this comparison in different way, then the following Figure 6.8 gives the comparison of different encoding techniques in the context of reliable delivery, unreliable delivery and packet loss scenario. Simple parity checking encoding technique takes less amount of time as compared to other encoding techniques. In the contrast interlock parity checking technique consume less amount of time as compared to CRC, repeated bit method and checksum method. TimeFigure 6.8 Encoding Mechanism checking Time measured in seconds 6.4.2 Encoding Techniques and Routing Strategies Analysis In the all above discussion we are not considering network delays and routing strategies. To check the performance of encoding techniques we implement these techniques on different network strategies. These routing strategies include Encoding technique with XY routing strategy Encoding technique with PE strategy Encoding technique with gossip routing strategy For better results we further adopt two methods for the enforcement of encoding techniques. One is end to end (E2E) and second is node to node (N2N). In E2E strategy packet is checked only at the destination node, no checking is made at the intermediate nodes. This technique has an advantage of less traffic congestion. While in node to node strategy incoming packet is checked at each and every intermediate node. Packet is discarded as found in error. Forwarding node is intimated and retransmission takes place. This technique faces the problem of network resources and network congestion. We make different comparisons for above mentioned strategies for both E2E and N2N cases. 6.4.2.1 Encoding Techniques and XY (E2E) Routing Strategy Following table 6.4 shows the results of encoding techniques with E2E XY routing strategy. Table 6.4 gives the clock cycles required for different encoding techniques for different cases e.g. reliable delivery, unreliable delivery and packet loss. Sr.No Algorithms Simple Parity Checking Cyclic Redundancy Check Repeated Bit Method Checksum Method Interlock Parity Checking 1 Reliable Delivery 18 40 26 32 27 2 Unreliable Delivery 28 56 40 47 41 3 Packet Loss 27 49 38 41 36 Table 6.4 Encoding technique with XY (E2E) Strategy Figure 6.9(a) present these results graphically. Our proposed technique consumes less clock cycles as compared to other encoding techniques. Simple parity check is the only technique which has advantage over our proposed technique. But interlock parity check technique has advantage over all other techniques other than simple parity check techniques. Clock Cycles Figure 6.9(a) Encoding technique with XY(E2E) Strategy Figure 6.9(b) present these results graphically in other context. In case of reliable delivery our proposed technique consumes less clock cycles as compared to checksum method and CRC. While for repeated bit method case, the comparison is almost same. Simple parity check method has little advantage over interlock as well as other encoding techniques. When we come towards the analysis of unreliable delivery case, this segment takes more time as compared to the reliable delivery scenario. Our proposed technique also consume less clock cycles as compared to other encoding techniques other than simple parity check method. Packet loss case takes more time than reliable delivery but consumes less clock cycle

Culture and Race Essay -- Anthropology Sociology Essays

Culture and Race Anthropologists have always had their discrepancies with the word culture and its background significance. There have been numerous definitions that have filtered through the field, yet not one that everyone can accept or agree with. Franz Boas, an anthropologist in the early 20th Century, and his students, had a difficult time figuring out the objective of what culture is. Culture is about learning and shared ideas about behaviour. Although Boas and his students had a slightly different idea in mind. They ultimately reached a conclusion, a definition of culture in their view that is a contradiction in terms. Boas sates that, â€Å" culture was expressed through the medium of language but was not reducible to it; more importantly, it was not race. Culture became everything race was not, and race was seen to be what culture was not; given, unchangeable biology,† (Visweswaran, p. 72). Not only focusing on culture, but anthropology has a substantial connection as well. Anthropology is the field in which the study of cultural and biological variations among human groups is studied. The difficulty that some people have with characterizing culture is that they associate it with race, whereas that is not the case. The two are remarkably distinct. Race is something biological, a genetic trait that is innate, while culture is something that is educated and experienced. Kamala Visweswaran and Lila Abu-Lughod are two well distinguished anthropologists that are currently teaching at Universities in the United States. In their own articles, they speak about culture through an anthropologists view and detail their own opinions within. They may have some different opinions but each has their own strong arguments that prove their points. Lila Abu-Lughod’s article â€Å"Writing Against Culture,† was written in 1991, and was published inside the book, Recapturing Anthropology. Within the article, she discusses culture and many problems with it. The title of her article speaks for itself, writing against culture. There are many issues that she brings up about culture, and various influential strategies for shifting over from the culture concept. She reflects on culture and its need to be redefined. In her discussion of culture and difference she opens with, â€Å" most American anthropologists believe or act as if †culture,† notoriously r... ...s. With this new connection to anthropology, the American Anthropological Association, â€Å" passed a resolution denouncing Nazi racism: â€Å" Anthropology provides no scientific basis for discrimination against any people on the ground of racial inferiority, religious affiliation or linguistic heritage, â€Å" (Visweswaran, p. 71). â€Å"The solution is not to replace culture with race but to keep the two terms in contructivist tension with one another,† (Visweswaran, p. 79). Anthropology cannot strive without culture, yet there must be a distinction with race. Culture is something that society is taught and learned, while race is something biological, and something to be proud of. Boas and his ideas were not yet educated as to what culture means. He was overlooking and only saw his own perspective. Culture creates this diverse world and in turn race creates life with culture. Works Cited: Abu-Lughod, Lila. (1991) Writing Against Culture. Recapturing Anthropology. Richard Fox, ed. P, 137-162. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press. Visweswaran, Kamala. (March, 1998) Race and the Culture of Anthropology. American Anthropologist. p. 70-83. American Anthropological

Executive Summary of AcuScan :: essays research papers

Executive Summary This is a summary on the current situation at AcuScan concerning the development of the iScanner for use in the retail industry. It will summarize the situation, discuss key points and recommend actions that can be taken to address the issues described. The main problem is that we have failed to improve or maintain market share through the development of new products. Because our overall 40% market share is declining, the company faces declining revenues based on the sales of the iScanner. Despite making tremendous cost-cutting efforts, AcuScan is still in a short-term budget crisis. To regain our position as a market leader, AcuScan must develop the software for using the iScanner in retail industry by the year’s end. Secur-A Corp is reported to be in the process of developing similar software, so we must act quickly. Creating a new product, while at the same time making budget cuts, has created an internal crisis among the staff. The Chief Engineer of Product Software is especially adamant about not being able to get the job done in a way that insures quality by the deadline. I have proposed to Kelly that after looking for ways his staff can work more efficiently, we hire contract workers to do the work that his staff is unable to complete in a timely manner. I also proposed that he and his staff decide which tasks need to be completed by the contract workers. I plan to keep in close touch with Kelly to keep him advised about the work, and I will report to you any further problems. I am rather confident that we will be able to meet our deadline as long as we are responsive of the concerns of department heads and staff and help them with problems as they arise.

American reporter said to be ?OK? :: essays research papers

it sucksPOLICE IN Karachi told NBC News that Saeed’s arrest was a â€Å"major breakthrough† and that he disclosed Pearl was still alive during an initial interrogation. Separately, Jamil Yousuf, head of a citizen-police liaison committee, quoted Saeed as saying of Pearl, â€Å"He’s alive. He’s OK.† However, NBC’s Robert Windrem reported that while the United States believes Saeed â€Å"played a central role in the kidnapping,† officials are not sure whether he knows the whereabouts of the reporter. Saeed, a British-born Islamic militant, was arrested Tuesday afternoon in the eastern city of Lahore and sent to Karachi for questioning, ministry secretary Tasneem Noorani told The Associated Press. Saeed’s arrest was announced one day before Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf is to meet President Bush in Washington. The kidnapping embarrassed the Musharraf government, which is seeking U.S. aid as it attempts to combat Muslim extremism in this predominantly Islamic country of 147 million people. Relations between the United States and Pakistan have warmed up significantly since the Islamabad government agreed to support the U.S. war on terrorism in Afghanistan, where Pakistan had been a staunch supporter of the hard-line Taliban regime. Advertisement RELEASED AFTER HIJACKING Saeed, a 27-year-old British born Islamic militant, was freed from an Indian jail in December 1999 in exchange for passengers of an Indian Airlines jet which was hijacked on a domestic flight to Kandahar, Afghanistan. The son of a clothes merchant from Wanstead in east London, Saeed studied at the London School of Economics. Lonnie Kelley, spokesman for the U.S. Consulate in Karachi, said they had no word on Pearl’s fate and were trying to confirm that Saeed has been arrested. â€Å"We are looking into it, but nothing on Daniel yet,† he said. Steve Goldstein, a vice president and spokesman for Dow Jones, the Wall Street Journal’s parent company, declined to comment on whether the arrest revealed new information about Pearl’s abduction. â€Å"We continue to remain hopeful,† Goldstein said in a telephone interview. He also declined to comment on specifics of the case. NOT A CAR CHASE A team of police officers from the southern province of Sindh had been in Lahore searching for Saeed for the last few days, the government-run news agency Associated Press of Pakistan reported Tuesday. Police did not reveal the circumstances of Omar’s arrest, but said they had been rounding up his associates and raiding their houses in recent days.

Califonia Consort: Piano Quintet Essay

The consert was my first time and delightful that I had a opportunity to listen to classical music through the first concert, two Piano Quintets performed by Karen Follingstad, Alyze Dreiling, Susan Ung, Lorie Kirkell, Bert Turetzky at the Incarnation Lutheran Church on February, 19, 2012. The performance consisted of two pieces and the first piece performed was Piano quintet, Op 87 written by J.N. Hummel in the end of classic era and the second piece was Piano Quintet, Op 114 written by F. Schubert, also as well known as â€Å"The Trout.† It was interesting that Hummel composed this quintet in 1802, almost 20 years before Schubert wrote the Trout in 1819 and their composition were widely played during their lifetime; in addition, the both of them have a common in that those two are famous Piano quintets. I thought that the melodies were quite and resounded magnificently in my mind. I could even subconsciously focus on the notes and release feelings of tension. First of all, the Quintet Op.87 is a masterpiece; the first movement (Allegro E Risoluto Assai) at once captives and impresses the hearer with its power and passion. After this follows the Menuetto Y Trio, Largo, Allegra Agitato, is full of light-hearted merriment and ends with a brilliant and effective close. While listening to it, the melody reminded me of Mozart’s pianistic style and The Trout, which would be performed just next to it and, actually, Hummel studied with Mozart. Especially, the first movement of Quintet, OP.87 sounded like tango to me and it started with the violin by Alyze Dreiling, then, the piano sounded to make harmony. I felt that the piano sound was extremely live and rhythmical, whereas, the others created nervous tension for making harmony with the piano. As I said above, everything including Violin, Viola, Cello and Contrabass seemed to be harmony with another, the sound reflected to be able to emphasize each instrument and piano quintet. The second movement, Menuetto Y Trio, Allegro con fuoco, started quietly but, soon, it made a highly elated atmosphere which I was going into and let myself to the flow of continuing intensive melody. On the other hand, it sounded for me to ease tension occasionally. At that time, I could even felt melancholy strain. It repeated to raise tensions constantly, which it was the first time that the melody made me high tension emotionally and I was  impressed by the harmony of the piano quintet because I had never been to any orchestra or concert. After that, the third chapter, Largo, started and then, the sound of piano a bit went up with its fast pace and increased tension more and more, which I felt like sadness and depressed emotion; however, I could retrieve my mental stability by focusing on listening to it. My sentiment was raising highly as it was flowing fast little by little and, finally, was connected to the Finale, Allegra Agitato, the last movement. In the last movement, it became mild, warm and brighter again as if the first movement, the violin and cello sound much attracted my attention because of the wonderful and lilting sound. In the end of the Finale, it went up with high pace again and presented the peculiar principal theme which was of a somewhat martial feature. It ended up with the climax, tension of harmony. I could understand little why it is particularly interesting in its scoring and receive hummel’s great dramatic works by listening to it. Secondly, after Piano quintet, Op 87 performed, they played Piano Quintet, Op 114, widely known as The Trout. It was not first time to hear it but was first time to see the performance at the concert. It consists of five parts and is also immensely popular and famous because it was made by F .Schubert. As the name is The Trout, I felt the piano sound was fresh and animated as if trout was swimming lively from the first movement. When hiking the mountain and seeing the water of a brook, we can feel being full of life, animation and restfulness. I felt just like when I see the water of a brook and could even imagine the figure of trout. In the first movement, Allegro Vivace, the four instruments made harmony slowly based on the piano sound and, especially, the violin and cello stood out clearly. The powerful sound of the cello by Lorie Kirkell was so great and played a role as bridge. I was impressed by a merit of cello sound again and again. The second movement, Andante, was so lyrical melody that I could feel stability and richness like I had lived in village and been satisfied with my life; in addition, The three of the violin, viola and cello melodies definitely showed to advantage. I personally would like to listen to the music with lyricism because it radiates feeling of relaxation. From this part, I started to think this tune was made for cello because the cello sounded  ever-greater part of this music. After the second chapter, the third movement, Scherzo, was as if the piano and others were talking to each other to make harmony. It was greatly cheerful that it made me pleasant and it went up with fast pace. The light each sounds added zest to the melody. The reason why I listen to it again and again is this part because its flow was interesting to me like trout was playing in the water. In the fourth movement, Andantino, I felt different sensation of lilting due to the many times of playing a variation and foun d the other liveliness by hearing this chapter. This part was why it was named The Trout because it impresses that trout settles down to active, indeed. I also could imagine that trout was going all over in the water and playing; moreover, I could know this part was made of cheerful feature entirely. The Finale, Allegro Giusto, also was brimful of vigor. The four string instrument played theme and the piano repeated it in high speed. This part also made an impression which was fulfilled of vitality to me. I would like the music going on continuously fresh tune of the four string instrument’s sound. Somehow it made me feel like Hungary wanderer too because of the delightful melody. This performance was fascinating enough to hold attention of audiences. I was captivated by the great wonderful sound. By listening to these two piano quintets, I took a new step on the classic music. I was unfamiliar with classic music but, now, since I attended this concert, I sometimes listen to classic music and relieve stress. Now I realized that classical music has its own distinct charm compared to new age and the impression from the melody could be amplified when I appreciated musical pieces on the spot. It was today when I sank into a deep emotion with classic music, precious harvest to attend the great concert and listen to classic music.

FedEx Process Strategy

FedExis the leading global provider of supply chain management services to corporate customers It maintains a fleet of more than 665 aircraft and more than 41,000 motor vehicles and trailers. To complement the express delivery business, FedEx Ground provides small-package ground delivery in North America, and less-than-truckload (LTL) carrier FedEx Freight hauls larger shipments. FedEx Office stores offer a variety of document-related and other business services and serve as retail hubs for other FedEx units. Hoover, n. d. ) I will discuss the process strategies I think FedEx is using in its business operations as well as the location of the company’s headquarters and the benefits to being located there. In reviewing the four types of process strategies; it seems that FedEx uses a combination of all four strategies. Firstly, in looking at the Process Focus, since FedEx provides a variety of different services, their facilities seems to definitely be organized around the differ ent services that FedEx provides.The FedEx office stores are not setup to receive bulk or large freight mail like a FedEx hub. The offices stores are setup like a retail store since the majority of the business would come from providing document related and other business services. Each offices store is also setup as a retail hub for other FedEx units. FedEx Freight haul hubs are setup and designed to ship and receive larger shipments and would have a warehouse look rather than retail store look. The product flow would vary in amounts each day as well as during different times during the day.Looking at the Repetitive Focus strategy, FedEx hubs would definitely have an assembly line type machine involve which would typically scan items being shipped and received and then send them to different areas of the hubs to be shipped out to different locations. In the Product Focus, FedEx would have high volumes of items being shipped and received, but low variety of the types of items being shipped. I say low variety because I would classify what FedEx receives and ships as letter mail, box mail, large freight items etc.The letters, boxes and freight items may have a variety of sizes, but I am looking at the basic classification. Working for FedEx would not require a lot of skilled labor, being that one only needs to learn what part of the operation they are doing, which they then would be doing repetitively. With the different types of items being shipped through FedEx and the different countries these items may have to be shipped to or from, some Mass Customization has to be employed.Some items require special shipping precautions, some customer request certain shipping options, and some countries have different shipping standards. Shipping must be customized for the customer, the items being shipped and the country of origin and destination. In making his dream a reality, Frederick W. Smith; the founder of FedEx; selected Memphis as his hub: it was centrally located and despite inclement weather its modern airport rarely closed. (ASK, n. d. Due to the nature of this type of business, any city with a major airport that’s opened 24 hours a day would be sufficient. As stated above, because of Memphis’s central location in the U. S. I would tend to agree to locate my headquarters in Memphis as well. I have discussed the types of process strategies I think FedEx uses in its business operations. I have identified the location of its headquarters, and the reason why this location was chosen as well as the location’s benefit.

EHT Task

Guided Practice: a. Teacher follows the above procedure for each student working with each student both directly and indirectly. Teacher and aid will use both physical and verbal cues until student is able to work in pairs and then independently. E. Independent Student Practice: a. Teacher will begin pairing students together based on ability to follow through with â€Å"kick the ball†. B. Students will be monitored for safety implicate, sharing and taking turns as well as using correct technique. C.Students who are non-compliant with safety procedures will work independently with teacher or aid as they kick the ball and retrieve it. D. Wheel chair students will receive moral and physical support as required. F. Culminating or Closing Procedure/Activity/Event: a. Students will participate in a non-traditional game of kick the ball; students will utilize a three base plus home plate field (set up like baseball). Each student will receive a turn to kick the ball and maneuver the basses. Students enable to walk or run or who are in a wheelchair will be assisted around the course.Students will receive instruction, praise and reward for all efforts and achievements. Pedagogical Strategy (or Strategies): Teacher will be utilizing direct instruction, one-on-one instruction, small group instruction and independent teaching strategies. Differentiated Instruction: Accommodations have been implemented for physically challenged students. Small group Para-pro for student with CUP. Classroom aid for wheelchair bound student and additional coverage where needed throughout the lesson.Technology Integration: Technology deemed inappropriate for this lesson format as physical exercise is required. Student Assessment/Rubrics: Assessment: Per state guidelines students are only required to participate so attendance will be taken and submitted. An alternative assessment could be documented and kept in student records and could be in the format of a rubric. Students could be me asured as: Mastered, independent, guided, and physically assisted. This information could as well be kept in a teacher grade book used to monitor progress or regression.

Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis Essay

Autism and IQ Introduction Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis: a narrative review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fernell, Eriksson and Gillberg (2013) based the study of the individuals affected by ASD on the magnocellular theory. The theory’s main constructs include that the people suffering from the disorder will have impaired magnocellular transmission networks and that the impairment is the cause of their problems in the processing of information on movement and motion. The theory also explains the problem as one, where results from the abnormal nature of magnocellular neural networks and a variety of sensory systems, unlike in the case of other similar conditions like dyslexia.The main constructs of the theory used by the authors of the article are based on the malfunctioning nature of the networks that guarantee that the working of the human brain is effective and optimal. The main constructs explored under the theory incorporated into the study are related in a variety of ways.Theyinclude the neurodevelopment deficiencies found in the brains of these individuals are the main cause for the impairment of the individual’s social instinct.The article draws on the behaviors that are manifest from the nature of these individuals, to conclude that the impairment of brain networks lead to socially instinctual deficiencies, for example,slowness in flicker-pedestal evaluations. In real life situations, the individual is not able to indicate the appearance of the different squares.Fernell, Eriksson and Gillberg (2013) contended with the premise of the theory that the effects seen arise from physiological underdevelopment of the brain. They also offered the explanation that impaired development or underdevelopment is caused by a variety of medical deficiencies. Based on the research done in a five-year period, they highlighted that there is a wide variety of causes, including the developmental deficiencies, early detection and trials to correct the issue and the effects of treatment. The effects explored included the impairments seen in the social functionality of the child and the outcomes of the treatment plan. For example, one of the effects explained was that there is little evidence of effective results arising from early interventions (Fernell, Eriksson & Gillberg, 2013). The article explored a variety of variables that are either moderating or mediating, depending on their nature and levels, including being epileptic and the fragility of the x syndrome. In the working out of the various constructs, the researchers controlled for the outside factors and variables, and reached the conclusion that there is litt le effectiveness in the early intervention models developed. From the study of the meta-analyses of the studies published by Pub Med in last five years. The researchers found some information showing that the adoption of early intensive treatment led to the successful correction of the problems found in children suffering from ASD. The interpretation of the findings was that more study was needed to explore the link between the impaired development of the networks and the intensity of behavioral corrections. Based on the article’s area of study as well as its findings, some information gaps were exposed, including those on whether the mediating variables of epilepsy among others could hold the key to the positive outcomes. The effects of the mediating factors should be explored further, so as to find out whether it will be necessary to develop a new theory incorporating them (Fernell, Eriksson & Gillberg, 2013). The main constructs explored under the theory incorporated into the study are related in a variety of ways.Theyinclude the neurodevelopment deficiencies found in the brains of these individuals are the main cause for the impairment of the individual’s social instinct.The article draws on the behaviors that are manifest from the nature of these individuals, to conclude that the impairment of brain networks lead to socially instinctual deficiencies, for example,slowness in flicker-pedestal evaluations. In real life situations, the individual is not able to indicate the appearance of the different squares.Fernell, Eriksson and Gillberg (2013) contended with the premise of the theory that the effects seen arise from physiological underdevelopment of the brain. They also offered the explanation that impaired development or underdevelopment is caused by a variety of medical deficiencies. Based on the research done in a five-year period, they highlighted that there is a wide variety of causes, including the developmental deficiencies, early detection and trials to correct the issue and the effects of treatment. The effects explored included the impairments seen in the social functionality of the child and the outcomes of the treatment plan. For example, one of the effects explained was that there is little evidence of effective results arising from early interventions (Fernell, Eriksson & Gillberg, 2013). The article explored a variety of variables that are either moderating or mediating, depending on their nature and levels, including being epileptic and the fragility of the x syndrome. In the working out of the various constructs, the researchers controlled for the outside factors and variables, and reached the conclusion that there is little effectiveness in the early intervention models developed. From the study of the meta-analyses of the studies published by Pub Med in last five years. The researchers found some information showing that the adoption of early intensive treatment led to the successful correction of the problems found in children suffering from ASD. The interpretation of the findings was that more study was needed to explore the link between the impaired development of the networks and the intensity of behavioral corrections. Based on the article’s area of study as well as its findings, some information gaps were exposed, including those on whether the mediating variables of epilepsy among others could hold the key to the positive outcomes. The effects of the mediating factors should be explored further, so as to find out whether it will be necessary to develop a new theory incorporating them (Fernell, Eriksson & Gillberg, 2013).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dawson and colleagues (2010) did a randomized study exploring the effectiveness of the ESDM model of treatment. The ESDM is a developmental model of treatment based on behavioral interventions and is intended to lessen the severity of the effects of the toddlers suffering from ASD. The mediating and moderating areas explored through the study included the age of the children, which ranged from 18 to 30 months. The independent variables of the study included the delivery of ESDM model of treatment, and the dependent variable beingchecked towards theory development was the reduction in the severity of the ASD condition. The theory under exploration was the empathizing-systemizing theoretical model. The main position of the theory is that the children suffering from ASD get fewer scores in adaptive behaviors like empathy as compared to their peers (Dawson et al., 2010). The theory is based on the outlook that the effects of autism limit a chi ld’s ability to adapt to social situations and their environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main constructs of the theory include the systematized nature of social functionality, sensory manipulation, and the working of motor-based systems. The relationship of the constructs is that the impairment in the development of the brain leads to the reduced effectiveness of the autistic child. The cause of the phenomena includes the impairment in the development of the brain. The effects include the low levels of emotional ability (empathy), sensory manipulation including tapping; and motor manipulation like rocking. The mediating variables included the ages of the children and were not demonstrated to have any effect on the effectiveness of the treatment (Dawson et al., 2010). In the operationalization of the constructs, the study used a study group and a control group. The study split the sampled children of ages ranging from 18 to 30 monthsinto two groups (control and study).In addition, it delivered the ESDM treatment over a two-year period and demonstrated that the method yielded results.The study adopted a statistically comparative study of the children’s standardized scores. The study showed that the treatment was effective, and the study contributed to the advancement of the theory that the developmental effects can be reduced. The results of the study could widen the scope of the theory among others as many have maintained the position that treatment does not yield results(Dawson et al., 2010). Systematic Review of Early Intensive Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorders   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Warren and colleagues (2011)based their study on the theory of applied behavioral evaluation. The main constructs of the theory include that the principle that child learning can be utilized to improve the affected behavioral areas, through behavioral learning. The implications of the principle are that, despite that it may be impossible to solve the problems completely; it is possible to reduce the severity and develop behaviors that reduce their adversity. The relationship between the constructs is based on the outlook that behaviors are learned and that the impaired behavioral areas can be improved through specificallytargeted learning. The learning that is effective for different individuals is often different, depending on the severity of the ASD in the different areas of underdevelopment. The causes in a relationship include the impairments of the children’s brains, and the effects of behavioral training. The mediating factors explored in the study include the outlook of the behavioral training and its effectiveness. The aspects taken into account as determinants of the effectiveness of the process include the team that administers the behavioral training. In the operationalization of the constructs, the study explored the study explored the modeling based on the early start Denver system. The study entailed the review of the literature that explored the field during the years spanning from 2000 and 2010. The study was mainly a literature review of the studies done, in the past, in the area. The study did not apply any statistical analyzes, due to its nature. The findings of the study included that the Lovaas-based model of treatment, among a few other early intensive training for behavioral development, improved skills like language, cognitive abilities, and social behaviors. The interpretation of the results was that early interventionism is useful in countering or lessening the severity of the impacts of ASD. Autism spectrum disorders: an overview of diagnosis andtreatment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brentani and colleagues (2013) based their exploration of the problem of ASD and the corrective measures employed to address it, on the developmental milestones of children aged between 0 and 3.The article started by exploring the wide array of developmental impairments that resemble ASD, including a Heller’s syndrome.It emphasized that they all result from the faulty or compromised working of the child’s brain systems(Brentani et al., 2013). The effects of ASD explored include the abnormality of social engagement, creative play, and language skills. The major constructions explored by the authors in the review included the diagnostic models used, main areas of evaluation, the scales and tools for evaluating the problem and the information generated through epidemiological treatment models. In exploring the wide array of constructs, the authors reviewed the studies exploring ASD and the different variables. The relationship b etween the constructs includes that some contribute to the development of ASD The relationship between the constructs includes that some contribute to the development of ASD andothers are the outcomes(Brentani et al., 2013). The causes covered by the study include drugs administered for symptom control and the scales used to evaluate the problem and their effects on the management of the problem. There are no mediating or moderating constructs, but the dependent constructs include the change of the symptoms of ASD. The study was mainly a review of theliterature; therefore, it did not employ any research methods. Using the outcomes of the study, there was no information reported on the recovery of the subjects covered by the study after they were subjected to the corrective and management-based treatments. Further, the study gave the impression that it is necessary to develop multi-professional teams in the exploration of the problem of ASD. In addition to its engagement with management or treatment models (Brentani et al., 2013). Autistic spectrum disorders: Diagnostic and Therapeutic challenges in Mexico   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marquez-Caraveo and Albores-Gallo (2011)explored the nature of ASD, which are developmental impairments that affect three areas, including the skills of communication, interactive skills in social settings and motor movements. The study explored in the article is based on the developmental theory of mind blindness. The theoretic model that emphasizes the blindness of the mind, is based on the concept that the autism of a child is initially noticed by parents. Among the other people within the social circle of the child as early as when they are as young as 12 months of age.The theory highlights that the areas of cognitive and interactive development that are impaired include the child’s ability to observe the behavior of another and then adjust in response. One example of real-life experience that demonstrates this area of weakness is that you will find the autistic child looking outside the window, but they will notice little on th e view outside the window. In exploring the theory, the researchers highlighted that less than 38% of families seek medical advice, even after noticing the developmental deficiencies that give evidence of ASD. The researchers also highlighted the necessity of training health and educational service providers, on the developmental course of social communication and interactions as well as language acquisition. By developing the experience and the knowledge needed to discover the problems of the children, they will report the condition before it escalates to levels that are more adverse. The theory highlights that the areas of cognitive and interactive development that are impaired include the child’s ability to observe the behavior of another and then adjust in response. One example of real-life experience that demonstrates this area of weakness is that you will find the autistic child looking outside the window, but they will notice little on the view outside the window. In exploring the theory, the researchers highlighted that less than 38% of families seek medical advice, even after noticing the developmental deficiencies that give evidence of ASD. The researchers also highlighted the necessity of training health and educational service providers, on the developmental course of social communication and interactions as well as language acquisition. By developing the experience and the knowledge needed to discover the problems of the children, they will report the condition before it escalates to levels that are more adverse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major constructs explored in the study included the discovery of the symptoms of autism, the instruments for assessing the problem, and the psychosocial treatments that can be used to address the problem. The relationship between the various constructs is one that demonstrates a continuum model.This is where the observation of symptoms should lead to the use of dedicated tools to study the problem and initiating psychosocial treatment to reduce the severity of the problem.The cause variable is the symptoms of ASD. The mediating and in some case moderating variable is the evaluation of the problem using dedicated tools. The dependent variable is initiating psychosocial treatment, which leads to the reduction of the problem. The constructs were mainly explored as a continuum of events, and not operationalized as cause-effect based phenomena. The study was mainly a literature review exploring the literature developed about ASD, its treatm ent and the course of discovery. The article led to questions on the importance of training/ teaching parents on ASD, so that they can detect ASD early and initiate psychosocial development for better outcomes. The mediating and in some case moderating variable is the evaluation of the problem using dedicated tools. The dependent variable is initiating psychosocial treatment, which leads to the reduction of the problem. The constructs were mainly explored as a continuum of events, and not operationalized as cause-effect based phenomena. The study was mainly a literature review exploring the literature developed about ASD, its treatment and the course of discovery. The article led to questions on the importance of training/ teaching parents on ASD, so that they can detect ASD early and initiate psychosocial development for better outcomes. The mediating and in some case moderating variable is the evaluation of the problem using dedicated tools. The dependent variable is initiating psychosocial treatment, which leads to the reduction of the problem. The constructs were mainly explored as a continuum of events, and not operationalized as cause-effect based phenomena. The study was mainly a literature review exploring the literature developed about ASD, its treatment and the course of discovery. The article led to questions on the importance of training/ teaching parents on ASD, so that they can detect ASD early and initiate psychosocial development for better outcomes. References Brentani, H., de Paula, C., Bordini, D., Rolim, D.,  Sato, F.,  Portolese, J., Pacifico, M.,  &McCracken, J. (2013). Autism spectrum disorders: an overview of diagnosis and treatment.Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.   35 (Supl. 1), S62-72. Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Donaldson, A., &Varley, J. (2010). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model.Pediatrics, 125 (1), e17-23. Fernell, E., Eriksson, M., & Gillberg, C. (2013). Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis: a narrative review. Clin Epidemiol, 5, 33-43. Marquez-Caraveo, M., & Albores-Gallo, L. (2011). Autistic spectrum disorders: Diagnostic and Therapeutic challenges in Mexico. Salud Mental, 34, 435-441. Warren, Z., McPheeters, M., Sathe, N., Foss-Feig, J., Glasser, A., &Veenstra-VanderWeele, J.A. (2011). Systematic Review of Early Intensive Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics,127(5), e1303-e1311. 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